| TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR) IN DAIRY ANIMALS |
Sk Asraf Hossain1, Tapan Kumar Das and Nilufar Haque
National dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001
INTRODUCTION
The various feeding systems of dairy cattle feeding have been developed to optimize the utilization of available feed resources to ensure sustainable production. With increased limitation on open grassland for grazing the dairy cattle maintenance under stall fed condition has become a predominant feature.
Development of high producing crossbred cattle has led to reorientation of dairy farming towards intensified system of feeding and management. The initial concept of feeding dairy cattle with basic roughage ration separately and supplementing it with energy and protein concentrates is with energy and protein concentrate is now gradually being replaced and supplementing it with energy and protein concentrates is now gradually being replaced by feeding of “Total Mixed Ration”(TMR) (Girdhar and Balaraman, 2003).
Feeding of TMR involves ad libitum feeding of a mixture of feed ingredients formulated to contain specific nutrient concentration blended sufficiently to prevent separation and selective eating of the feed ingredients or botanical parts. Regulation of desired fiber level and roughage: concentrate ration enables appropriate partitioning of feed energy towards milk yield and fat level.
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